domingo, 3 de junio de 2012
Glosary*
Mere: Is a syncategorematic expression used to
emphasize that something is not large or important. It informs us about
attitudes, not facts.
Scientific: Is an expert who studies or works in one
of the sciences. Relating to science, or using the organized methods of
science. This condemns the confusion of technical jargon and empirical
trappings either whatever 'real' science is.
Meaning: The meaning of something is what it expresses
or represents. The word meaning locates a task without telling us how to go
about its study.
Linguistics: It is the systematic study of the
structure and development of language in general or of particular languages.
Legitimate data: Is the real information.
Method: A particular way of doing something.
Evidence: One or more reasons for believing that
something is or is not true.
Mentalism: of or relating to any school of psychology
or psychiatry that in contrast to behaviorism values subjective data in the
study and explanation of behavior.
Fasible goals: An aim or desired result possible to do
easily or conveniently.
Behaviorism: Is a theory of learning based upon the
idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. According to
behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with
no consideration of internal mental states.
Monistic: Is a view that there is only one kind of
ultimate substance.
Dualistic: Is a view of human beings as constituted of
two irreducible elements (as matter and spirit).
Ethnography: The study and systematic recording of
human cultures.
Anthropology: The study of the human race, its culture
and society and its physical development.
Postulates: To suggest a theory, idea, etc. as a basic
principle from which a further idea is formed or developed.
Postulation method: Is a method of clarifying and
simplifying the whole process of argumentation.
Form: To make something begin to exist.
Morpheme: It is the smallest bit of language that has
its own meaning, either a word or a part of a word, a single unit of language
which has meaning and can be spoken or written.
Assumption: It is something that you accept as true
without question or proof.
Phonemes: Any of the abstract units of the phonetic
system of a language that correspond to a set of similar speech sounds which
are perceived to be a single distinctive sound in the language.
Alternation: Usually a slight change, in the appearance,
character or structure of something.
Historical linguistics: It is the branch of
linguistics that focuses on the interconnections between different languages in
the world and/or their historical development.
Literary standard: It is accessible through general or
personal educational effort, transcends geographic and social barriers, and is
used on occasions described as formal.
Provincial standard: It is observed among those remote
geographically from the formative environments of cultural centers.
Colloquial standard: It is observed in situations
lacking formal behaviors among observably privileged classes within a larger
speech meaning.
Local dialect: Is that of an interacting group with
which others have so little contact that dialect speakers are incomprehensible
without considerable attention. The occasions od difference are time, plus
geographic and/or educational isolation.
Palatalization: During the production of a consonant,
the tongue and lips take up, as far as compatible with the main features of the
phoneme.
Velarization: When the tongue is retracted as for a
back vowel.
Contrasts: An obvious difference between two or more
things.
Reference: It is something that refers as an allusion,
as something that refers a reader or consulter to another source of
information; as a consultation of sources of information.
Sense: A meaning conveyed or intended. Denotation: A
direct specific meaning as distinct from an implied or associated idea.
Connotations: it is a feeling or idea that is
suggested by a particular word although it need not be a part of the word's
meaning, or something suggested by an object or situation.
Situation: The set of things that are happening and
the conditions that exist at a particular time and place the economic/political
situation.
Syntax: The grammatical arrangement of words in a
sentence.
Ethnocentric: Believing that the people, customs and
traditions of your own race or nationality are better than those of other
races.
Exocentric: Two or more parts of a phrase that are
different parts of speech and, when combined, form another part of speech which
is different from all of the parts.
Structure: The aggregate of elements of an entity in
their relationships to each other.
Pattern: An artistic, musical, literary, or mechanical
design or form.
Design: It is an underlying scheme that governs
functioning, developing, or unfolding.
A priori: Stipulating or proclaiming beforehand
something, deduction.
A posteriori: Induction of certain information.
Structural description: Description based in the
structure of something.
Form-classes: Group of words distinguished by common
inflections, such as the weak verbs of English.
Lexicon: The vocabulary of a language, an individual
speaker or group of speakers, or a subject.
Cultural borrowing: Is to take ideas, customs, and
social behaviors from another culture or civilization.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS
LEONARD BLOOMFIELD AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS
Franz Boas was the first anthropological linguist to emphasize descriptive study of non-Indo-European languages as they exist today. Bloomfield, who acknowledged his debt to Boas, emphasized the value of synchronic descriptive linguistics, though he never deserted diachronic historical linguistics. Though trained in historical Indo-European, especially Germanic, philology, Bloomfield turned to a study of Tagalog, a Malayo-Polynesian language, during World War I. In 1917 he became interested in a more accessible language family, the Algonquian. His linguistic work with Indians of the Algonquian family in Wisconsin was not only descriptive; he also applied historical linguistic techniques to this language family. He showed that the neogrammarian methodology of assuming regularity in sound change was applicable beyond the Indo-European language family.
In 1921 Bloomfield became professor of German and linguistics at Ohio State University. There he met the behaviorist psychologist A. P. Weiss. Both men took a logical positivist approach to science; they agreed that a mechanistic rather than a mentalistic approach to human phenomena was necessary if the disciplines concerned with man were to be truly scientific.
Bloomfield was one of the founders of the Linguistic Society of America in 1924. He was professor of Germanic philology at the University of Chicago from 1927 to 1940, when he became professor of linguistics at Yale University. He died in New Haven, Conn., on April 18, 1949.
Influence of Language
In Language Bloomfield emphasized the need to be objective, to deal only with physically observable phenomena, and to develop a precise description and definition in order to make linguistics a true science. The period from the publication of Language in 1933 to the mid-1950s is commonly called the "Bloomfieldian era" of linguistics. Though Bloomfield's particular methodology of descriptive linguistics was not widely accepted, his mechanistic attitudes toward a precise science of linguistics, dealing only with observable phenomena, were most influential. His influence waned after the 1950s, when adherence to logical positivist doctrines lessened and there was a return to more mentalistic attitudes. Today linguists, especially the younger ones, are more concerned with the directly nonobservable mental processes by which human beings are uniquely capable of generating language.
Franz Boas was the first anthropological linguist to emphasize descriptive study of non-Indo-European languages as they exist today. Bloomfield, who acknowledged his debt to Boas, emphasized the value of synchronic descriptive linguistics, though he never deserted diachronic historical linguistics. Though trained in historical Indo-European, especially Germanic, philology, Bloomfield turned to a study of Tagalog, a Malayo-Polynesian language, during World War I. In 1917 he became interested in a more accessible language family, the Algonquian. His linguistic work with Indians of the Algonquian family in Wisconsin was not only descriptive; he also applied historical linguistic techniques to this language family. He showed that the neogrammarian methodology of assuming regularity in sound change was applicable beyond the Indo-European language family.
In 1921 Bloomfield became professor of German and linguistics at Ohio State University. There he met the behaviorist psychologist A. P. Weiss. Both men took a logical positivist approach to science; they agreed that a mechanistic rather than a mentalistic approach to human phenomena was necessary if the disciplines concerned with man were to be truly scientific.
Bloomfield was one of the founders of the Linguistic Society of America in 1924. He was professor of Germanic philology at the University of Chicago from 1927 to 1940, when he became professor of linguistics at Yale University. He died in New Haven, Conn., on April 18, 1949.
Influence of Language
In Language Bloomfield emphasized the need to be objective, to deal only with physically observable phenomena, and to develop a precise description and definition in order to make linguistics a true science. The period from the publication of Language in 1933 to the mid-1950s is commonly called the "Bloomfieldian era" of linguistics. Though Bloomfield's particular methodology of descriptive linguistics was not widely accepted, his mechanistic attitudes toward a precise science of linguistics, dealing only with observable phenomena, were most influential. His influence waned after the 1950s, when adherence to logical positivist doctrines lessened and there was a return to more mentalistic attitudes. Today linguists, especially the younger ones, are more concerned with the directly nonobservable mental processes by which human beings are uniquely capable of generating language.
lunes, 26 de marzo de 2012
Questions
What is ethnography?
(From Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφω grapho = to write) Is a qualitative research method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group.
What is linguistic ethnography?
Is a theoretical and methodological development orientating towards particular, established traditions but defining itself in the new intellectual climate of late modernity and post-structuralism.
Who have been the most representative in linguistic ethnography studies?
Edward Sapir (1884–1939) was an American anthropologist-linguist, widely considered to be one of the most important figures in the early development of the disciplines of linguistics.
Franz Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology"
Where the ethnographic linguistics had taken the most of research?
Linguistic ethnography is an orientation towards particular epistemological and methodological traditions in the study of social life.
Mainly in Europe and in America.
Linguistic ethnography argues that ethnography can benefit from the analytical frameworks provided by linguistics, while linguistics can benefit from the processes of reflexive sensitivity required in ethnography. In a recent discussion paper, Rampton et al. (2004) argue for ‘tying ethnography down and opening linguistics up’ (p. 4) and for an enhanced sense of the strategic value of discourse analysis in ethnography. Ethnography provides linguistics with a close reading of context not necessarily represented in some kinds of interactional analysis, while linguistics provides an authoritative analysis of language use not typically available through participant observation and the taking of field notes.
It has been particularly influenced by research on literacy, ethnicity and identity, ideology, classroom discourse and language teaching. It aims to use discourse analytic tools in creative ways to extend our understanding of the role language plays in social life. It combines a number of research literatures from conversational analysis (CA), post-structuralism, urban sociology and US linguistic anthropology It also has much in common with the North American perspective of LAE. It is worth summarizing the particularly influential elements of more recent US LAE work on Linguistics Ethnography.
martes, 28 de febrero de 2012
London School
The University of London was first established by a Royal Charter in 1836, which brought together in federation London University (now University College London) and King's College (now King's College London), to establish today's federally structured University of London.
The University of London owns a considerable central London estate of 180 buildings in Bloomsbury, near Rusell Square tube station.
Coat of arms
The University of London first received a grant of arms in April 1838. The arms depict a cross of St George upon which there is a Tudor rose surrounded by detailing and surmounted by a crown. Above all of this there is a blue field with an open book upon it.
In terms of heraldry the arms would be described as:
Argent, the Cross of St George, thereon the Union Rose irradiated and ensigned with the Imperial Crown proper, a Chief Azure, thereon an open Book also proper, Clasps gold
The University of London owns a considerable central London estate of 180 buildings in Bloomsbury, near Rusell Square tube station.
The University of London first received a grant of arms in April 1838. The arms depict a cross of St George upon which there is a Tudor rose surrounded by detailing and surmounted by a crown. Above all of this there is a blue field with an open book upon it.
In terms of heraldry the arms would be described as:
Argent, the Cross of St George, thereon the Union Rose irradiated and ensigned with the Imperial Crown proper, a Chief Azure, thereon an open Book also proper, Clasps gold
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